From Lehrbuch der physiologie des menschen : Unter mitwirkung der herren prof. Chapter XXII Stoff-und Kraftwechsel by Nathan Zuntz, page 638, published by FCW Vogel , 1913.
An open-circuit system for measuring CO2 production. Developed by Voit and Pettenkofer in the 1860’s.
From Lehrbuch der physiologie des menschen : Unter mitwirkung der herren prof. Chapter XXII Stoff-und Kraftwechsel by Nathan Zuntz, page 637, published by FCW Vogel , 1913.
Likely the first closed-circuit system for measuring oxygen consumption and CO2 production. Developed by Regnault and Reiset in the 1850’s.
From Lehrbuch der Intoxikationen, Volume 1, by Rudolf Kobert, page 210. Published by F. Enke, 1902. A man-sized room used to measure CO2 production by Max von Pettenkofer in the 1860’s.
From Lehrbuch der Intoxikationen, Volume 1, by Rudolf Kobert, page 210. Published by F. Enke, 1902. Developed by Regnault and Reiset and originally used in 1850. Likely the first closed circuit system for measuring oxygen uptake and CO2 production.
From Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, May 21, 1932, page 2465. “Oorspronkelijke Stukken. Bewusteloosheir, schijndood en hun behandeling met de inademing van Koolzuur-Zurrstofmengsels” by Dr. G C E Burger and Dr. M H Tromp.
Diagram of a breathing system containing two Krogh spirometers (one with soda lime CO2 absorbant, one without) and a Tissot spirometer. Designed to measure tidal and minute ventilation while breathing different levels of CO2 up to 10 percent.
From: Lehrbuch der medizinischen Physik: Für Studierende und Ärzte zur Ergänzung jedes Lehrbuchs der Experimentalphysik by Heinrich Johannes Boruttau, published by Barth, 1908, page 131.
From Espirometria en tuberculose, by A J P Vilela, published 1910, page 79.
Galante developed this spirometer in the mid-1870’s.
From Espirometria en tuberculose, by A J P Vilela, published 1910, page 72.
Over 60 years after it was invented it was still the gold standard for spirometers around the world.
From Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, December 1856, page 1047. “Note sur un spirometre d’une sensibilite’ et d’une simplicite’ extremes par M.B. Schnepf”.
The spirometer bell was described as 35 cm high and 18 cm in diameter, the base cylinder was described as 30 cm high and 16 cm in diameter. The breathing tube was 15 mm in diameter. Note that the chain varied in width (and therefore weight) along its length. This was designed to vary the counter weight used to suspend the bell according to its depth in the water.
From Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie, Volume 5, Part 1, by Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow. Published by F. Enke, 1854, page 106.
Spirometer attributed to Franz Forstmann and is a wet (water sealed) gas meter.